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Indonesia - Wikitravel. Indonesia. Location.
Flag. Quick Facts. Capital. Jakarta. Government Republic. Currency Indonesian Rupiah (IDR).
Areatotal: 1,9. 04,5. About 2. 40 million people live in this fourth most populous country in the world — after China, India and the USA — and by far the largest country in Southeast Asia.
Indonesia also has the largest Muslim population in the world. Indonesia's population is on course to overtake the US and become the third largest before 2. In the decade that ended in 2. Muslim opposition to boosting family planning. Indonesia's tropical forests are the second- largest in the world after Brazil, and are being logged and cut down at the same alarming speed.
While the rich shop and party in Jakarta and Bali. After decades of economic mismanagement 5. USD2/day according to figures compiled by the World bank in 2. Using the same benchmark (http: //povertydata.
IDN) The number of poor livng at $1. More updated information from http: //www. IDR 2,7. 00,0. 00 (= 2. Infrastructure in much of the country remains rudimentary, and travelers off the beaten track will need some patience and flexibility. In the same year the residents of nearby Singapore had 1.
Wh. A very large percentage of the Indonesian population remain reliant upon wood for a cooking fuel. The central government has in recent years instituted a program of LPG gas access to use as a replacement for the burning of bio- mass sources for cooking. This Neolithic group of people, skilled in open- ocean maritime travel and agriculture are believed to have quickly supplanted the existing, less- developed population.
The British occupied Java from 1. Indonesians still drive on the left. In 1. 82. 4, the Dutch and the British signed the Anglo- Dutch Treaty which divided the Malay world into Dutch and British spheres of influence, with the Dutch ceding Malacca to the British, and the British ceding all their colonies on Sumatra to the Dutch. The line of division roughly corresponds to what is now the border between Malaysia and Indonesia, with a small segment becoming the border between Singapore and Indonesia.
Leaders were arrested and exiled. Black Speed Dating Dc. Then during World War II, the Japanese conquered most of the islands. In August 1. 94. 5 in the post war vacuum following the Japanese surrender to allied forces the Japanese army and navy still controlled the majority of the Indonesian archipelago.
The Japanese agreed to return Indonesia to the Netherlands but continued to administer the region as the Dutch were unable to immediately return due to massive destabilisation from the effects of war in Europe. A constitution, drafted by the PPKI preparatory committee was announced on 1.
August and Sukarno was declared President with Hatta as Vice- President. The PPKI was then remade into the KNIP (Central Indonesian National Committee) and the KNIP became the temporary governing body. The new government was installed on 3. August 1. 94. 5. Indonesia's founding fathers Sukarno (Soekarno) and Hatta declared the independence of the Republic of Indonesia. Disputations, negotiations, partitioning and armed conflict prevailed between the newly independent Indonesia and the Netherlands. Several nations including the US were highly critical of the Dutch in this immediate post war period and at one stage in late 1.
US government suspended aid provided to the Dutch under the Marshal plan. The matter was also raised by the newly formed UN.
After four years of fighting, the Dutch accepted defeat and on 2. December 1. 94. 9 they formally transferred sovereignty to . In August 1. 95. 0 a new constitution was proclaimed and the new Republic of Indonesia was formed from the original but now expanded Republic to include Sumatra Timur and East Indonesia/Negara Indonesia Timur. Jakarta was made the capital of the Republic of Indonesia however the Netherlands and Indonesia remained in a theoretical constitutional union with Indonesia holding the status of a fully independent state. Sukarno returned again to the role of President and over time came to assert greater power in that role.
For a time Indonesia used a provisional constitution modelled upon that of the US which also drew heavily on the 1. United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights. On 2. 6 September 1. Indonesia was admitted to the newly formed United Nations.
The 1. 95. 0 constitution appears to have been an attempt to set up a liberal democractic system with two chambers of parliament. Later in 1. 95. 5, still under this provisional constitution, Indonesia held its first free election. In 1. 95. 9 President Sukarno issued a decree dissolving the then current constitution and restored the 1. Constitution. Indonesia then entered the era of Guided Democracy with the Head of State assuming stronger presidential powers and also absorbing the previous role of Prime Minister. After a UN- brokered peace deal, and a referendum, West Papua became part of Indonesia and was renamed as Irian Jaya, which apocryphally stands for Ikut (part of) Republic of Indonesia, Anti Netherlands.
It's now called simply Papua, but the independence movement smoulders on to this day. He also tried to play one against another as he attempted to develop the nation as a non- aligned state. Much to the dismay of post war Western governments Sukarno became engaged in extensive dialogue with the Soviets and accepted civil and military aid, equipment, and technical assistance from the USSR. Sukarno publicly claimed that his engagement with the Soviets was to assist in promoting the new Republic of Indonesia as a non- aligned post war state and to assist in rebuilding the nation following the Pacific war. They viewed Indonesia as potentially unstable and in a power vacuum left in the wake of the Japanese defeat in Indonesia. The Dutch, their nation ravaged by the European war were unable to fully reclaim their colony and maintain control over the rising tide of Indonesian nationalism.
The US covertly supported anti Sukarno activities and operations to destabilise the the nationalist movement. In 1. 95. 7- 5. 8, the CIA infiltrated arms and personnel in support of regional rebellions against Sukarno. Covert actions at this time led to the capture of an American pilot and plane. The activities involved the use of mercenary forces as well as the material and financial support of insurgents. Funding, arms, logistical support and training were provided covertly by the US to breakaway factions, right wing elements, and radical Islamist groups including Darul Islam in an attempt to gain US and western control of Indonesian nationalism.
The actions were supported from the US embassy in Singapore, by elements of the US 7th fleet stationed of Sulawesi and Sumatra and with the co- operation and support of the UK government and western intelligence agencies. Former Director of the CIA William Colby later compared their own operations in Indonesia to the Vietnam Phoenix Program conducted in Vietnam. Indeed some of the equipment including military aircraft were later transferred onto that program. Colby further admitted directing the CIA to concentrate on compiling lists of members of the PKI and other leftist groups, Colby was at that time the Chief of CIA's Far East Division. Cloaked by the fears and propaganda of the Cold war period the US maintained an extended overt and a covert campaign to destabilise Sukarno.
Suharto originally served in the Japanese occupation forces supported police force, later he entered the Peta (Defenders of the Fatherland) and went on to train in the Japanese led Indonesian armed forces of the occupation period. In the post war period it is believed he fell under US influence and patronage and with their backing he and his supporters rose in stature and influence. The kidnappings and subsequent murders occurred in highly suspicious circumstances and the somewhat confusing official accounts have been found to be highly suspect. A group of senior officers including the army commander Lieutenant General Ahmad Yani had apparently been increasingly at odds with an alliance of right wing officers including Suharto.
The murdered officers were supportive of Sukarno and accommodating of the Presidents relationship with the PKI (Indonesian Communist Party). It is believed he may have precipitated the uprising by releasing information about this but the details remain uncertain. The so called . The right wing officers who subsequently rose to power condemned the killings of the senior army officers and claimed the uprising involving the military units was the work of communists.
As more documentation emerges from western archives it appears ever more apparent that the event was stage managed to allow Suharto an opportunity to subsequently to claim the leadership. The Western governments turned a blind eye to the massacres and they remained substantially unreported in the West for a considerable time. Many historians have since shed light on the involvement of the US intelligence services and to a lesser degree their mutual contacts in British, German and Japanese intelligence in the circumstances leading up to the seizure of power by Suharto and the subsequent murderous purges.
The US intelligence agencies and the CIA were later found to be complicit in supplying names and addresses of the PKI members to the Indonesian army, Suharto operatives and CIA- funded Muslim death squads, who hunted the leftists down and murdered them. Declassified US files have since shown that the US government was giving covert aid to Suharto and the death squads to conduct the widespread purges across Indonesia.
Following Suharto's rise to power, US interests in the region were secured and their influence over the RI and the nation's resources continued into the new century. During the Asian economic crisis of 1. Indonesian rupiah plummeted, halving the purchasing power of ordinary Indonesians. In the ensuing violent upheaval, now known as Reformasi, Suharto was brought down and a more democratic regime installed.