The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or. Log in with your email and password to search the profiles. Mate1.com continues to redefine the way singles meet, date, and fall in love. Jewish Holidays & Celebrations Explained. Jewish holidays are full of tradition and rich in history. Some focus on solemn occasions while others are lively and festive. EHarmony - #1 Trusted Online Dating Site for Singles.
Jewish Getaways – Kosher Shabbos Hotels – Kosher Vacation Shabbos Events Powered by GreatFrumTrips.com.
JPeopleMeet.com is the premier online jewish dating service. Jewish singles are online now in our large online Jewish dating community. JPeopleMeet.com is designed. Dating wisdom and advice; the Jewish way in finding one's spouse. The territory of present-day Romania was known as Dacia in antiquity and Jewish tombstones dating from early times have been found there. Learn about the rich culture, history, and traditions of Judaism and the Jewish people. Judaism - one stop for everything Jewish, Jewish Holidays, Israel News, Holocaust Studies, Jewish Spirituality, Weekly Torah Portion, Western Wall Camera, Aish. The Jewish Lens curriculum uses photography as a springboard, engaging students in an experiential, emotional and empowering educational methodology to study.
Romania Virtual Jewish History Tour. The territory of present- day Romania was known as Dacia in antiquity and Jewish tombstones dating from early times have been found there.
Today, Romania boasts a Jewish population of 9,5. In the 1. 6th century some refugees from the Spanish expulsion came to Walachia from the Balkan Peninsula. A few served as physicians and even diplomats at the court of the sovereigns of Walachia.
Since it was on the trade routes between Poland- Lithuania and the Ottoman Empire many Jewish merchants traveled through Moldavia, the second Romanian principality (in the northeast), founded in the middle of the 1. Some settled there and were favorably received by the rulers of this underpopulated principality. At the beginning of the 1. Internet Dating Geek. Jewish communities in several Moldavian towns, such as Jassy ( Iasi), Botosani, Suceava, and Siret. More intensive waves of Jewish immigration resulted from the Chmielnicki massacres (1.
From the beginning of the 1. Moldavian rulers granted special charters to attract Jews. They were invited either to reestablish war- ravaged towns (1. Suceava) or to enlarge others (1. Focsani). Among the privileges offered was the right to be represented on the local council. When two counties of Moldavia were annexed by their neighbors (Bukovina by Austria in 1.
Bessarabia by Russia in 1. Jews from these countries preferred to move to Romanian Moldavia, where they were not harassed by the authorities and had both family and business connections. Many of the Jews were craftsmen, such as furriers, tailors, boot makers, tinsmiths, and watchmakers. From an early date, one of the main components of anti- Jewish hatred in Romania was commercial competition. In 1. 57. 9, the sovereign of Moldavia, Petru Schiopul (Peter the Lame), ordered the banishment of the Jews on the grounds that they were ruining the merchants. In the Danube harbors, it was the Greek and Bulgarian merchants who incited riots against the Jews, especially during Easter.
Anti- Jewish excesses that occurred in the neighboring countries often extended to Romania. In 1. 65. 2 and 1.
Cossacks invaded Romania, murdering a great number of Jews in Jassy. Greek Orthodox Christianity also preached intolerance toward Jews and shaped the first codes of law: the Church laws of Moldavia and Walachia in 1. Both proclaimed the Jews as heretics and forbade all relations with them. With the exception of physicians, Jews were not accepted as witnesses in trials. On the other hand, the first books of anti- Jewish incitement of a religious character appeared around this time: the Golden Order (Jassy, 1. A Challenge to Jews (Jassy, 1. Communal Institutions.
In 1. 71. 9, a hakham bashi, Bezalel Cohen, was first appointed for Walachia and Moldavia by the suzerain, the sultan. The hakham bashi's function was hereditary and included the right of collecting taxes on religious ceremonies and contributions from every head of a family — comprising 3. Yet his prestige was slight, and learned rabbis were considered by the Jews as their real spiritual leaders. The growing Russian and Galician element in the Romanian Jewish population at the beginning of the 1. Hasidism and led by zaddikim. As they were foreign subjects they asked their consuls to intercede and, in 1.
Moldavia decided that the hakham bashi should have jurisdiction only over . The Jews also had a guild, one of 3. The collective tax was paid from the tax on kosher meat, the expenses of the institutions (talmud torah, hekdesh, cemetery) were covered by the remainder. The center of the guild was in Jassy, and its head was named staroste (. In Bucharest, this function was carried out by the representative of the hakham bashi.
When the hakham bashi system was abolished (1. Jews' Guild disappeared as well; the result was the disintegration of the Jewish communities. In the course of the rebellion against the Turks, Greek volunteers crossed Moldavia on their way to the Danube, plundering and slaying Jews as they went (in Jassy, Herta, (now Gertsa), Odobesti, Vaslui, Roman).
From 1. 83. 5 to 1. Russia, through whose influence anti- Semitism increased. On the Russian model, Jews were forbidden to settle in villages, to lease lands, and to establish factories in towns. Citizenship was denied to Jews. The completions of the Organic Law promulgated in 1.
Jews. Its new provisions conferred on the authorities the right to determine which Jews were useful to the country, the others being declared vagrants and expelled. During the 1. 82. Ottoman- appointed rulers, and the 1. Russia, the revolutionaries appealed for the participation of the Jews and proclaimed their civic equality. The peace treaty of Paris (1.
Crimean War and granted the principalities a certain autonomy under Ottoman suzerainty, proclaimed inter alia that in the two Danubian principalities all the inhabitants, irrespective of religion, should enjoy religious and civil liberties (the right to own property and to trade) and might occupy political posts. Only those who had foreign citizenship were excluded from political rights. The leaders of the Moldavian and Walachian Jews addressed themselves both to the Romanian authorities and to the great powers, asking for the abolition of the discrimination against them. However, the opposition of Russia and of the Romanian political leaders hindered this. The two principalities united in 1. Alexandru Ioan Cuza, who was a member of the 1.
Semitic, became their sovereign. The number of Jews was then 1. In 1. 86. 4, native Jews were granted suffrage in the local councils (“little naturalization”), but Jews who were foreign subjects still could not acquire landed property. Political rights were granted to non- Christians but only parliament could vote on the naturalization of individual Jews—but not a single Jew was naturalized. In 1. 86. 6, Alexandru Ioan Cuza was ousted by anti- liberal forces.
A new sovereign, Carol of Hohenzollern- Sigmaringen, was elected and a new constitution adopted. Under the pressure of demonstrations organized by the police (during which the Choir Temple in Bucharest was demolished and the Jewish quarter plundered), the seventh article of the constitution, restricting citizenship to the Christian population, was adopted.
Even the visit to Bucharest of Adolphe Cremieux, president of the Alliance Israelite Universelle, who delivered a speech in the Romanian parliament, had no effect. In the spring of 1. Ion Bratianu, started to expel Jews from the villages and banish noncitizens from the country.
That summer, Sir Moses Montefiore arrived in Bucharest and demanded that Prince Carol put a stop to the persecutions. Despite pledges to do so, the discrimination continued. Local officials regarded such persecution as an effective method of extorting bribes. Neither the repeated interventions of Great Britain and France, nor the condemnatory resolutions in the parliaments of Holland and Germany had any effect. The Romanian government reiterated that the Jewish problem was an internal one, and the great powers limited themselves to protests. At the Congress of Berlin (1. Romanian independence, the great powers made the grant of civil rights to the Jews a condition of that independence in spite of opposition by the Romanian and Russian delegates.
The Romanian representatives threatened the delegates of the Jewish world organizations, as well as the representatives of the Jews of Romania, by hinting at a worsening of their situation.