Gothic architecture - Wikipedia. For the visual arts, see Gothic art. Fa. It evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by Renaissance architecture. Originating in 1. France and lasting into the 1. Gothic architecture was known during the period as Opus Francigenum (.
Its characteristics include the pointed arch, the ribbed vault (which evolved from the joint vaulting of Romanesque architecture) and the flying buttress. Gothic architecture is most familiar as the architecture of many of the great cathedrals, abbeys and churches of Europe. It is also the architecture of many castles, palaces, town halls, guild halls, universities and to a less prominent extent, private dwellings, such as dorms and rooms. It is in the great churches and cathedrals and in a number of civic buildings that the Gothic style was expressed most powerfully, its characteristics lending themselves to appeals to the emotions, whether springing from faith or from civic pride. A great number of ecclesiastical buildings remain from this period, of which even the smallest are often structures of architectural distinction while many of the larger churches are considered priceless works of art and are listed with UNESCO as World Heritage Sites. For this reason a study of Gothic architecture is often largely a study of cathedrals and churches.
Gothic architecture is a style of architecture that flourished in Europe during the High and Late Middle Ages. It evolved from Romanesque architecture and was.
The Critical Research Failure trope as used in popular culture. This is a particular instance where a story or character has something—a statement, the. Download a high resolution version of the Dickens' London Map. Only $10.00 with secure payment through Amazon.com! Redrawn and updated for 2014 with 1862 London map. Gothic art was a style of medieval art that developed in Northern France out of Romanesque art in the 12th century AD, led by the concurrent development of Gothic.
A series of Gothic revivals began in mid- 1. Dating Free Online Advice on this page. England, spread through 1.
Europe and continued, largely for ecclesiastical and university structures, into the 2. Terminology. This is further compounded by the fact that the technical, ornamentation, and formal features of Gothic are not entirely unique to it. Though modern historians have invariably accepted the conventional use of . Giorgio Vasari used the term .
Vasari was not alone among 1. Italian writers, as Filarete and Giannozzo Manetti had also written scathing criticisms of the Gothic style, calling it a . According to a 1. London Journal Notes and Queries. Authorities such as Christopher Wren lent their aid in deprecating the old medieval style, which they termed Gothic, as synonymous with everything that was barbarous and rude.
The first movements that reevaluated medieval art took place in the 1. Acad. The Academy disapproved of several of these new manners, which are defective and which belong for the most part to the Gothic. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe called Gothic the . Eventually, historians composed a fairly large list of those features that were alien to both early medieval and Classical arts that includes piers with groups of colonettes, pinnacles, gables, rose windows, and openings broken into many different lancet- shaped sections. Certain combinations thereof have been singled out for identifying regional or national sub- styles of Gothic or to follow the evolution of the style. From this emerge labels such as Flamboyant, Rayonnant, and the English Perpendicular because of the observation of components like window tracery and pier moldings.
This idea, dubbed by Paul Frankl as . Buildings of every type were constructed in the Gothic style, with evidence remaining of simple domestic buildings, elegant town houses, grand palaces, commercial premises, civic buildings, castles, city walls, bridges, village churches, abbey churches, abbey complexes and large cathedrals.
These range from tiny chapels to large cathedrals, and although many have been extended and altered in different styles, a large number remain either substantially intact or sympathetically restored, demonstrating the form, character and decoration of Gothic architecture. The Gothic style is most particularly associated with the great cathedrals of Northern France, the Low Countries, England and Spain, with other fine examples occurring across Europe. The scope of Gothic architecture.
Influences. At the end of the 1. Europe was divided into a multitude of city states and kingdoms.
The area encompassing modern Germany, southern Denmark, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, Slovakia, Czech Republic and much of northern Italy (excluding Venice and Papal State) was nominally part of the Holy Roman Empire, but local rulers exercised considerable autonomy under the system of Feudalism. France, Denmark, Poland, Hungary, Portugal, Scotland, Castile, Aragon, Navarre, Sicily and Cyprus were independent kingdoms, as was the Angevin Empire, whose Plantagenet kings ruled England and large domains in what was to become modern France. Angevin kings brought the Gothic tradition from France to Southern Italy, while Lusignan kings introduced French Gothic architecture to Cyprus. Gothic art is sometimes viewed as the art of the era of feudalism but also as being connected to change in medieval social structure, as the Gothic style of architecture seemed to parallel the beginning of the decline of feudalism. Nevertheless, the influence of the established feudal elite can be seen in the Chateaux of French lords and in those churches sponsored by feudal lords. Throughout Europe at this time there was a rapid growth in trade and an associated growth in towns.
Germany and the Low Countries had large flourishing towns that grew in comparative peace, in trade and competition with each other or united for mutual weal, as in the Hanseatic League. Civic building was of great importance to these towns as a sign of wealth and pride. England and France remained largely feudal and produced grand domestic architecture for their kings, dukes and bishops, rather than grand town halls for their burghers. Bishops were appointed by the feudal lords (Kings, Dukes, and other landowners) and they often ruled as virtual princes over large estates.
The early Medieval periods had seen a rapid growth in monasticism, with several different orders being prevalent and spreading their influence widely. Foremost were the Benedictines whose great abbey churches vastly outnumbered any others in France and England. A part of their influence was that towns developed around them and they became centers of culture, learning and commerce. The Cluniac and Cistercian Orders were prevalent in France, the great monastery at Cluny having established a formula for a well planned monastic site which was then to influence all subsequent monastic building for many centuries. In the 1. 3th century St. Francis of Assisi established the Franciscans, a mendicant order. The Dominicans, another mendicant order founded during the same period but by St.
Dominic in Toulouse and Bologna, were particularly influential in the building of Italy's Gothic churches. According to Hans Sedlmayr, it was . Grodecki's Gothic Architecture also notes that the glass pieces of various colors that make up those windows have been compared to . The PBS show NOVA explored the influence of the Holy Bible in the dimensions and design of some cathedrals. The same wide geographic area was then affected by the development of Gothic architecture, but the acceptance of the Gothic style and methods of construction differed from place to place, as did the expressions of Gothic taste. The proximity of some regions meant that modern country borders did not define divisions of style. On the other hand, some regions such as England and Spain produced defining characteristics rarely seen elsewhere, except where they have been carried by itinerant craftsmen, or the transfer of bishops.
For example, studies of the population statistics reveals disparities such as the multitude of churches, abbeys, and cathedrals in northern France while in more urbanised regions construction activity of a similar scale was reserved to a few important cities. Such an example comes from Roberto L. This wealth, concentrated in rich monasteries and noble families, would eventually spread certain Italian, Catalonian, and Hanseatic bankers. This would be amended when the economic hardships of the 1.
Normandy, Tuscany, Flanders, and the southern Rhineland to enter into competition with France. The local availability of materials affected both construction and style.
In France, limestone was readily available in several grades, the very fine white limestone of Caen being favoured for sculptural decoration. England had coarse limestone and red sandstone as well as dark green Purbeck marble which was often used for architectural features. Amarillo Dating Online Service Tx. In Northern. Germany, Netherlands, northern Poland, Denmark, and the Baltic countries local building stone was unavailable but there was a strong tradition of building in brick.
The resultant style, Brick Gothic, is called Backsteingotik in Germany and Scandinavia and is associated with the Hanseatic League. In Italy, stone was used for fortifications, so brick was preferred for other buildings.
Because of the extensive and varied deposits of marble, many buildings were faced in marble, or were left with undecorated fa. The availability of timber also influenced the style of architecture, with timber buildings prevailing in Scandinavia. Availability of timber affected methods of roof construction across Europe. It is thought that the magnificent hammerbeam roofs of England were devised as a direct response to the lack of long straight seasoned timber by the end of the Medieval period, when forests had been decimated not only for the construction of vast roofs but also for ship building. Certainly, in those parts of the Western Mediterranean subject to Islamic control or influence, rich regional variants arose, fusing Romanesque and later Gothic traditions with Islamic decorative forms, for example in Monreale and Cefal. Furthermore, the website Virutal Ani (now defunct) wrote that there is . An example of this lack clean break, as there was to be later in Renaissance.
Florence with the return of the Classical style by Filippo Brunelleschi in the early 1. Late Romanesque (German: Sp. The important categories of building: the cathedral, parish church, monastery, castle, palace, great hall, gatehouse, and civic building had been established in the Romanesque period.