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Kalmykia - Wikipedia. This article is about the Russian Republic of Kalmykia.
According to the Kurgan hypothesis the upland regions of Kalmykia formed part of the cradle of Indo-European culture. Hundreds of Kurgans can be seen in these areas. Zimbabwe's Largest online classifieds platform for Properties, Cars, Laptops, phones, stands, commercial properties, lands, houses, rentals, for hire, for sale. Met Gala 2017: These celebrities totally nailed the dress code. Bekijk het ruimste aanbod sexdating aangeboden en gezocht op sexzoekertjes.net. If This Bestselling Dating Guide Won’t Get You Laid Nothing Ever Will.
For the original homeland of the Kalmyks, see Dzungaria. The Republic of Kalmykia (Russian: . As of the 2. 01. 0 Census, its population was 2. It is washed by the Caspian Sea in the southeast. A small stretch of the Volga River flows through eastern Kalmykia.
Other major rivers include the Yegorlyk, the Kuma, and the Manych. Lake Manych- Gudilo is the largest lake; other lakes of significance include Lakes Sarpa and Tsagan- Khak. In all, however, Kalmykia possesses few lakes. Kalmykia's natural resources include coal, oil, and natural gas.
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The republic's wildlife includes the saiga antelope, whose habitat is protected in Chyornye Zemli Nature Reserve. Climate. The average January temperature is . Average annual precipitation ranges from 1. The small town Utta is the hottest place in the whole of Russia. On July 1. 2, 2. 01. Russia, an all- time record- warm temperature was observed with 4.
On the same day, a remarkably record- high temperature was observed at Ust- Karsk, Zabaykalsky krai, Siberia with 4. Hundreds of Kurgans can be seen in these areas, known as the Indo- European Urheimat (Samara culture, Sredny Stog culture, Yamna culture). The territory of Kalmykia is unique in that it has been the home in successive periods to many major world religions and ideologies. Prehistoric paganism and shamanism gave way to Judaism with the Khazars.
This was succeeded by Islam with the Alans while the Mongol hordes brought Tengriism, and the later Nogais were Muslim, before their replacement by the present- day Buddhist. Oirats/Kalmyks. With the annexation of the territory by the Russian Empire, Christianity arrived with Slavic settlers, while all religions were suppressed after the Russian Revolution, when Communism dominated. Shamanism has in all probability remained a constant, often hidden, substrate of folk- practice, as it is today. Kalmyk autonomy. Various reasons have been given for the move, but the generally accepted answer is that the Kalmyks sought abundant pastures for their herds. Another motivation may have been to escape the growing dominance of the neighboring Dzungar Mongol tribe. That land, however, was not uncontested pastures, but rather the homeland of the Nogai Horde, a confederation of Turkic- speaking nomadic tribes. The Kalmyks expelled the Nogais who fled to the Caucasian plains and to the Crimean Khanate, areas under the control of the Ottoman Empire.
Some Nogai groups sought the protection of the Russian garrison at Astrakhan. The remaining nomadic Mongol Oirats tribes became vassals of Kalmyk Khan. The Kalmyks settled in the wide open steppes from Saratov in the north to Astrakhan on the Volga delta in the south and to the Terek River in the southwest. They also encamped on both sides of the Volga River, from the Don River in the west to the Ural River in the east. Although these territories had been recently annexed by Russia, it was in no position to settle the area with Russian colonists. This area under Kalmyk control would eventually be called the Kalmyk Khanate.
Within twenty- five years of settling in the lower Volga region, the Kalmyks became subjects of the Tsar. In exchange for protecting Russia's southern border, the Kalmyks were promised an annual allowance and access to the markets of Russian border settlements. The open access to Russian markets was supposed to discourage mutual raiding on the part of the Kalmyks and of the Russians and Bashkirs, a Russian- dominated Turkic people, but this was not often the practice. In addition, Kalmyk allegiance was often nominal, as the Kalmyk Khans practiced self- government, based on a set of laws they called the Great Code of the Nomads (Iki Tsaadzhin Bichig). The Kalmyk Khanate reached its peak of military and political power under Ayuka Khan (1. During his era, the Kalmyk Khanate fulfilled its responsibility to protect the southern borders of Russia and conducted many military expeditions against its Turkic- speaking neighbors. Successful military expeditions were also conducted in the Caucasus.
The Khanate experienced economic prosperity from free trade with Russian border towns, China, Tibet and with their Muslim neighbors. During this era, the Kalmyks also kept close contacts with their Oirat kinsmen in Dzungaria, as well as the Dalai Lama in Tibet. Imposition of Russian rule.
These policies, for instance, encouraged the establishment of Russian and German settlements on pastures the Kalmyks roamed in the lower Volga region. The settlers took over land used by Kalmyks to feed their livestock and, in some cases, forced Kalmyks into servitude. The Russian Orthodox church, by contrast, pressured many Kalmyks to adopt Orthodoxy. The Tsarist government imposed a council on the Kalmyk Khan, diluting his authority, while continuing to expect the Kalmyk Khan to provide cavalry units to fight on behalf of Russia. Advice In Dating. By the mid- 1. 8th century, Kalmyks were increasingly disillusioned with Russian encroachment and interference in its internal affairs. Ubashi Khan, the great- grandson of Ayuka Khan and the last Kalmyk Khan, decided to return his people to their ancestral homeland, Dzungaria.
Under his leadership, approximately 2. Kalmyks migrated directly across the Central Asian desert. Along the way, many Kalmyks were killed in ambushes or captured and enslaved by their Kazakh and Kyrgyz enemies. Many also died of starvation or thirst. After several grueling months of travel, only 9.
Kalmyks reached the Manchu Empire's western outposts in Xinjiang near the Balkhash Lake. After failing to stop the flight, Catherine the Great abolished the Kalmyk Khanate, transferring all governmental powers to the Governor of Astrakhan. The Kalmyks who remained in Russian territory continued to fight in Russian wars, e. Napoleonic Wars (1. Crimean War (1. 85. Ottoman wars. They gradually created fixed settlements with houses and temples, instead of their transportable round felt yurts. In 1. 86. 5, Elista, the future capital of the Kalmykia, was built.
This settlement process lasted until well after the Russian Revolution. Civil War and the flight of the Don Kalmyks. Before the Red Army broke through to the Crimean Peninsula towards the end of 1. Kalmyks fled from Russia with the remnants of the defeated White Army to the Black Sea ports of Turkey. The majority of the refugees chose to resettle in Belgrade, Serbia.
Other, much smaller, groups chose Sofia (Bulgaria), Prague (Czechoslovakia) and Paris and Lyon (France). The Kalmyk refugees in Belgrade built a Buddhist temple there in 1. Soviet period. Lenin promised to provide the Kalmyks, among other things, a sufficient quantity of land for their own use.
The promise came to fruition on November 4, 1. All- Russian Central Executive Committee proclaiming the formation of the Kalmyk Autonomous Oblast. Fifteen years later, on October 2. Oblast was elevated to republic status, Kalmyk Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. In line with the policy of Korenizatsiya based on the concept of titular nations, the government of the Soviet Union adopted a strategy of national delimitation, while at the same time enforcing the Leninist principle of democratic centralism. According to Dorzha Arbakov, decentralized governing bodies were a tool the Bolsheviks used to control the Kalmyk people..
Although the Kalmyks alone were not a significant force, the Soviet authorities wished to win popularity in the Asian and Buddhist worlds by demonstrating their evident concern for the Buddhists in Russia. The government also was compelled to respond to domestic disturbances resulting from the economic policies of War Communism and the 1. The passive measures taken by Soviet authorities to control the people included the imposition of a harsh tax to close places of worship and religious schools. The Cyrillic script replaced Todo Bichig, the traditional Kalmyk vertical script.
On 2. 2 January 1. Mongolia proposed to migrate the Kalmyks during famine in Kalmykia but Russia refused. Kalmyks died during the famine. In March 1. 92. 7, Soviet deported 2. Kalmyks to Siberia, tundra and Karelia. At the same time, grain, livestock and other food stuffs were seized. The change in policy was accompanied by a new campaign of repression, directed initially against the small farming class.
The objective of this campaign was to suppress the resistance of the farming peasants to full- scale collectivization of agriculture. World War II. By August 1.
German Army Group South captured Elista, the capital of the Kalmyk ASSR. After capturing the Kalmyk territory, German army officials established a propaganda campaign with the assistance of anti- communist Kalmyk nationalists, including white emigre, Kalmyk exiles. German benevolence, however, did not extend to all people living in the Kalmyk ASSR. At least 9. 3 Jewish families, for example, were rounded up and killed.
The total Jewish dead numbered between 1. Doll (Kalmukian Volunteers)Abwehrtrupp 1.
Kalmukian Volunteers)Kalm. But by December 1. Soviet Red army retook the Kalmyk ASSR, forcing the Kalmyks assigned to those units to flee, in some cases, with their wives and children in hand. The Kalmyk units retreated westward into unfamiliar territory with the retreating German army and were reorganized into the Kalmuck Legion, although the Kalmyks themselves preferred the name Kalmuck Cavalry Corps. The casualty rate also increased substantially during the retreat, especially among the Kalmyk officers. To replace those killed, the German army imposed forced conscription, taking in teenagers and middle- aged men.
As a result, the overall effectiveness of the Kalmyk units declined. By the end of the war, the remnants of the Kalmuck Cavalry Corps made its way to Austria where the Kalmyk soldiers and their family members became post- war refugees. Those who did not want to leave formed militia units that chose to stay behind and harass the oncoming Soviet Red Army.